Adolfo Gracia, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Vanessa ZoBell
Ludovic Tenorio-Halle
Kaitlin Frasier
Katrina Johnson
Alba Solsona Berga
Sean Wiggins
Arturo Serrano
Melissa Soldevilla
The Gulf of America oceanic ecosystem is one of the most heavily industrialized, and the noise produced by these human activities can affect the Gulf soundscape and its living marine resources. Marine taxa that are sensitive to and rely on sound for survival, including coral reef ecosystems, invertebrates, fish, sea turtles, and marine mammals, can experience acute and chronic impacts from human noise sources. For offshore megafauna, including 20 cetacean species, reducing noise impacts is one of the few ways to support recovery following the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill. Long-term passive acoustic recorders have been deployed since 2010, with a Gulf-wide expansion of monitoring efforts in 2020 under the LISTEN project, to provide the foundational data to support noise reduction project planning and monitoring. Over a decade of noise and marine mammal recordings are now providing insights into Gulf soundscapes, chronic noise drivers, marine mammal density, and trends. This includes evidence of long-term odontocete density declines, species-specific hotspots in association with oceanographic features, and improved understanding of the acoustic footprints of human activities. The integration of the extensive acoustic data collections with publicly available industry activity data (AIS and energy permitting reports) is yielding insights into the levels and spatiotemporal distribution of noise contributed by shipping traffic and airgun survey activity. Further, the combination of information about the sources driving low-frequency noise hotspots with new knowledge of density hotspots for acoustically-sensitive marine mammals (e.g., sperm, Rice’s, and beaked whales) highlights areas where addressing noise impacts may be most beneficial. These findings provide crucial data needed to plan and implement pilot projects in collaboration with industry as part of a DWH Restoration project aimed at reducing noise impacts to marine mammals injured by the 2010 DWH oil spill. These projects are ripe for discussions of how anthropogenic noise may be impacting additional marine taxa, how this affects trophic cascades and potential indirect effects on marine mammals through their prey, and how to best engage with industry stakeholders to find voluntary solutions to reduce noise in the Gulf.